Income and Disposable Income Essay Example for Free

Income and Disposable Income Essay Income will mean cash income before taxes, and will include government transfer payments such as unemployment insurance benefits, family allowance payments, pensions, welfare assistance, etc. Disposable income specifically focuses on the amount of income available for private consumption and spending. Disposable income takes into consideration the reality that take-home pay is heavily influenced by not only gross income, but also by factors such as government transfer levels, taxation levels, and inflation. Disposable Income is defined in two ways: * Income after federal and provincial income taxes * Income after taxes, employment insurance and Canada Pension Plan Discretionary Income is Disposable Income after deductions for basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, transportation, healthcare, personal care, etc. Life-Cycle State people change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes. Buying is also shaped by the stage of the family life cycle-the stages through which families might pass as they mature over time. Marketers often define their target markets in terms of life-cycle stage and develop appropriate products and marketing plans. Described in the following graph, on average, real disposable income has grown at a very slow rate of 0.05% from 1980 to 1998. This varies from 0.32% for a family of 2 parents with children, 0.14% for economic families of 2 persons or more, 0.09% for elderly families to 0.31% for lone parent families. These figures have improved over the last 3 years. In 2000, real disposable income per capita grew 2.7%, its strongest growth rate in over a decade. The above chart shows the percentage change in inflation-adjusted incomes of families with children for the lowest 5th of families to those in the top 5th of family incomes from the late 1970s to 1997. It can be seen that for the lowest 5th of families real incomes fell 21% during past 2 decades, while incomes for the highest 5th increased 30%. Thats quite a swing. Further, the chart shows for the middle 5th of family incomes their current inflation-adjusted income is about 3% less than 2 decades ago. Thats pure and simple. No wonder family saving fell while household debt ratios soared. Look again at this chart. The top family earners increased income 30% above inflation in those 2 decades. But, if recognize that 30% real income growth over 2 decades is but 1.16% average per year compounded above inflation, its not that great, especially compared to all average family incomes increasing at an annual rate of 3-4% above inflation prior to 1970, most with one wage-earner per family. In other words, this chart suggested that the top family earners since the 1970s made out worse than did all average family incomes prior to 1970. Of course the poorest 5th saw their real family income drop 21% past 21 years or about 1.12% per year below inflation rates. This shows how dramatic long-term implications can be, just 2% per year separating top and lower earners and how much poorer is total family income performance now compared to before. The marketers can use these statistics to estimate the future trend of people buying behavior. In order to develop new technologies or sell strategies, these statistics would help marketer to decide what they have to change to gain more profits.

John Wilkes Booth :: essays research papers fc

Without any question, most people have a very clear and distinct picture of John Wilkes Booth a in their minds. It is April 1865, the night president Lincoln decides to take a much-needed night off, to attend a stage play. Before anyone knows it a lunatic third-rate actor creeps into Lincoln's box at Ford's theater and kills the president. Leaping to the stage, he runs past a confused audience and flees into the night, only to suffer a coward’s death Selma asset some two weeks later. From the very moment that Booth pulled the trigger, the victors of the Civil War had a new enemy on their hands, and a good concept of whom they were dealing with. A close examination of the facts, however, paint a different view of Booth, a picture that is far less black and white, but a picture with many shades of gray. Perhaps, one of the most interesting things to note about Lincoln's killer was the president would have recognized him instantly, if he had just turned around. John Wilkes Booth was born in a log cabin just outside of Bel Air, Maryland May 10, 1838. His family consisted of his father Tunis Booth, mother Mary Ann Holmes; they would bear 10 children. The Booth name was known for acting from John's family. He is considered to be America's first great actor. John's most known brother Edwin was quick to follow in his father's footsteps. He often practiced in the yard and was ridiculed by John and this was the beginning of a bitter rivalry. Also the house was full of alcoholism and bouts of depression. The family was often without the father as his drinking and acting kept him away. He was often under the influence when he was on stage and displayed many attributes of his son but, John never seen his father on stage. His mother also had a dream of her son's future. It showed John meet ing a gypsy and he was told, " you'll die young... You've got in your hand a thundering crowd of enemies-not one friend-you'll make a bad end... You'll have a fast life-short, but a grand one." John knew this and it sometimes troubled him. Then in 1852, his dad died and John went to attend St. Timothy's Hall military school in Catonsville, Maryland. It was here that John showed his sympathy for the South when he led a revolt against the mostly northern faculty.

Challenges Faced by Hr Management Essay

Challenges faced by HR management when significant staff cutbacks occur and how they should be addressed Downsizing is never easy on the Human Resource department. In fact, if not handled properly, it could be detrimental to the overall organization. Here are some challenges that come along with downsizing: Addressing the shifting morale and needs of the surviving employees, maintaining the productivity and profitability of the organization, and retaining skilled, and qualified employees. Staff cutbacks can leave the surviving employees feeling demoralized, bitter, angry, and in shock. One role of Human Resource Management is to act as an employee advocate. In a time of workforce reduction, communicating with employees as well as acknowledging their concerns and fears, can work to rebuild the employee’s sense of security in the workplace and help him/her to reengage in the culture of the organization. Through strategic Human Resource Management and planning, the shared values and beliefs of the organization can be reinforced to its employees and the collective value of the capabilities, knowledge, skills, life experiences, and motivation of the organizational workforce can be retained. Once there has been a major reduction in force within an organization, productivity and profitability becomes a main target of Human Resource management. One HR strategy would be to give more hours and responsibility to existing workers. However, eventually employees will become overworked and productivity will suffer. Utilizing alternative tactics such as hiring contingent or temporary workers is a strategic HR plan to maintain productivity and profitability while not having to pay the cost of benefits. Reducing turnover of qualified and skilled employees is an ongoing effort of Human Resource Management. Employees who survive workforce cuts tend to disengage the culture of the organization because they have lost faith in the organization being a lifetime employer. When an organization goes through a massive layoff process, the employee retention efforts of Human Resource Management could intensify. Employee retention efforts may include, constantly communicating with employees, and paying attention to surviving employees. As an example of a strategic Human Resource plan to hold on to skilled employees, an alternative work arrangement such as telecommuting might be offered to a worker. The functionality of Human Resources is always changing to meet the ever evolving needs of an organization. For example, when Xerox decided to downsize, the function of Human Resources became environmental scanning strategic planning. The restructuring goal however, included more than just a reduction in force. It was determined that the Human Resource entity needed to be streamlined and become a more efficient part of the organization. As a result, the use of technology, and maintaining employee retention was the core that developed HR into a more strategic part of the Xerox organization. There are two purposes that HR technology serves in an organization. The first is to improve the efficiency of employee data and HR activities collection. At Xerox, the use of HR technology has been instrumental in making HR services more accessible to their workforce. The second purpose of HR technology is to capture a greater degree of informational data that enables HR planning and managerial decision making. Again, Xerox made use of this aspect by supplying intranet employee surveys and tracking employee views on the company and HR. The information gathered allowed HR and managers to address areas that received lower scores on the survey. These efforts by the company and the HR department have had an effect on employee retention at Xerox. As stated earlier, reducing turnover of qualified and skilled employees is an ongoing effort of Human Resource Management. Xerox has made retaining especially high-potential employees a priority. Organizations have found that keeping good employees can be a challenge. However, in an effort to keep skilled and or high performing employees engaged and embracing the organizational culture and HR values of an organization, some employers will offer incentives. Employers, such as Xerox, will invest in employee training and development. Although this can be a double edge sword by potentially making an employee more marketable for other organizations, employers have found that when they invest in employees through job training and or monetary compensation, employee job satisfaction increases and employees are more likely to stay. In addition, employees who are engaged in an organization are more likely to be top performers and miss fewer work days. In summation, both technology and employee retention are key in HR development because they both lend to the culture of an organization. 1. Technology by improving the administrative efficiency of HR, and the responsiveness of HR to employees and managers. 2. Employee retention by maintaining employees who through their experience and loyalty to the organization, becomes a core competency and perpetuates the values and cultures to newer employees.

Research Papers on The History of Art the Artist Christo Javacheff

Introduction The history of art has been compared with that of literature. In comparable respects, both have continuity, change and no progressive improvement. Since they are both works of creativity, their histories are characterized by works that seem to go beyond circumstantial limitations with a timeless appeal. The history of art has evolved since the extant of humans. Today art involve so many disciplines in colleges and universities. (Kristine and Howard 1996 4, 41) Christo Vladimirov Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon are a couple whose works of have contribution to perpetuation and continuity of the history of art. Their impressive works have been marred controversies because of their scale. Christo and Jeanne-Claude were on the same date same time on June 13, 1935. Born in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, Christo studied art at the Sofia academy from 1953 to 1956. He went to Vienna where he enrolled for Fine Arts at Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. Only a semester later, he traveled to Geneva and later to Paris in 1958. Following these journeys, he lost his Bulgarian citizenship ending up being without a nationality. At France, he started painting portraits to earn a leaving, an occupation he has likened to prostitution. In his paintings, his signature was his family name â€Å"Javachef† while his earlier works’ signature was â€Å"Christo.† Born in Casablanca and brought up by her father, a military officer in Morocco, Jeanne-Claude’s was brought up by her father alone having divorced with Jeanne’s mother shortly after she was born. Jeanne graduated in 1952 at University of Tunis having studied Latin and Philosophy. She has been described as an extrovert with natural organizational abilities. She smoked, dyed her hair red, and hated cooking. She acknowledged becoming an artist out of her love for Christo. She died on November 18, 2009 in New York from brain complications. Jeanne-Claude and Christo first met in 1958 and married in 1960 amidst controversial flopped wedding between Jeanne and Philippe Planchon. The couple’s work of art revolved around the environmental; in fact, some writers call their works â€Å"the earth art.† Some of their works included â€Å"Wrapped Coast†, Sydney, (1968-69), â€Å"wrapped Museum of Contemporary Art†, Chicago (1968-69), â€Å"Wrapped Monument to Vittorio Emanuele, Italy,† (1970), â€Å"The Pont Wrapped Reichstag†, Berlin (1971-95), â€Å"Running Fence†, California (1972-76), â€Å"Neuf Wrapped†, Paris (1975-85), â€Å"The Umbrellas† Japan U.S.A. (1975-85) amongst many other vast-scale wrapping projects. Jeanne-Claude’s and Christo’s first collaboration was seen in 1961 when they jointly covered port of Cologne’s barrels. This was their first monumental project, â€Å"Iron Curtain† in which they used oil apparel and curtain as mock expression of to the authorized against Berlin Wall. In this work of art, Jeanne-Claude blocked with a curtain wall for a few hours streets in Cologne. The couple arrived in New York in 1964, and settled in the United States before the end of that year. Startlingly, their works were credited to Christo’s until 1994 when installations and other outdoor works retroactively earned credit to both of them: â€Å"Christo and Jeanne-Claude.† While in United States, with limited command of English, Christo displayed his works in several works including Castelli Gallery of New York. Analysis of his works is an excellent prototype of Marcel Duchamp’s concept of conceptual art (Honour and Fleming 2005: 800). Christo has ‘reduced the creativity act to an attractively simple level, using single, intellectual ideas to rediscover the object of, or activity of art.† Jeanne-Claude once disqualified people’s interpretation of their works of arts saying that they absolutely had no purpose beyond being for ‘beauty’ and ‘art’, that their works were not indeed to give any message. While Jeanne-Claude’s view contradicts conceptual art’s definition according Duchamp’s view, both of their works are an excellent manifestation of conceptual art. Arguably, first collaborated work metaphorical of the Berlin wall was an expression of ‘message’ to the authorit ies. The couple excelled in their works of arts. Having exhibited in the galleries across the United States, France, Italy, Germany and other major cities, the resist have had profound effect in the discipline of art. Their art of ‘wrapping’ the natural and human structures have redefined way of exhibiting creative works. There work â€Å"Wrapped Walk Ways† (1977-78) at, Jacob Loose Park, in Kansas City, was complete and figurative expressing the nature of conceptual art. Still in line with the couple’s view of their workshop art as of aesthetic, the work present conceptual art in another perspective. It took them along time to come up with and complete the project. It complied with the rule of conceptual; art set by Duchamp, which depicted human desires and continuity in the piece of work. In the â€Å"Wrapped Ways† project, Jeanne-Claude and Christo installed 12, 450 square meters of saffron-colored nylon fabric on garden walkways and paths covering 4.4 Kilometers of Jacob Loose Memorial Park in Kansas. The installation was done in three days between October 2nd and 4th with 84 people employed to help in the installation. Since the artists never accepted any sponsorship of any kind, all the costs and expenses committed in the project were borne by the couple. They earned by selling preparatory works such as drawings, collages, lithographs and etcetera. (Kristine and Howard 1996: 549) The wrapped walkways and paths remained wrapped until October 16th 1978 when saffron material was removed and recycled by the Kansas City Parks department. This piece of work of art was unique and indeed changed the art scenes and the entire history of art. By using their own to exhibit there works of art, his type of art was one of its own kinds. This project took the art scene, such succinct works of art with such scale-reengineered creativity. The artists, in this project and others precisely conceptualize ideas and with little effort and manipulation the friends of works of arts have been taken aback. Purely designed for beauty and aesthetic, the works portrayed human desires and suggested through unclear, indirect, and intellectual works of art using fantasy. People often want to live in beautiful environments free of dart. This installation not only showed the important aspects of human and the desire of the American people but also portray how new ideas and creativity can be c ombined to bring new styles of art and varying definition of challenging experiences of art in general. Their work â€Å"The Running Fence† was acquired in definitive record in 2008 by the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Installed in Sonoma and Marin Counties, California in 1972-76, the work was one of the many temporary installations of that that took those 42 months of collaborative efforts to install. It was 24 ½ miles long and 18 feet high, with one end dropping down to the Pacific Ocean. This monumentally vast work of art was contracted out of 240000 square feet of heavy white woven fabric of nylon, steel cables measuring over 150 kilometers long, 2050 steel posts, 350, 000 hooks and 130, 000 earth anchors. The project was entirely sponsored by Christo and Jeanne-Claude. The erected fence stood for only two weeks in the September of 1976. The work has been filmed into â€Å"Running Fence revisited† The Running Fence Revisited are screened in some of the major exhibition galleries. Janet Maslin, a New York Times art writer, once described the Running Fence in the film as â€Å"the next best thing to have been in existence.† The Running Fence story is not a tale just unlimited endurance but a story of two artists whose works were nearly over insurmountable. The Running Fence was a temporary creativity of art, odds enough but delivered joy and beauty to the lovers of art; it was a story of and about the people, places, and events. The installation made many more aware of the incredible art and other possibilities of creativity works. This conceptual art stunned the world of art. The â€Å"Running Fence† stunned the people of Sonoma County and the rest of the world. â€Å"There will never be another Running Fence,† Christo said in an Eye Level interview. Indeed, there will never be another â€Å"Running Fence† and if it were, then will no longer be creative enough to attract and influence other artists. As a way of appreciating their works, the couple regularly got requests from cities or organizations to replicate their works in other places. Commenting on the requests, Christo said, â€Å"that misses the point. The power in the art is in its transitory.† (Pagliasotti 2002) Richard B. Woodward, an art writer asserts that the Running Fence has been called one of the â€Å"most influential art projects of the 20th century.† He records Christo’s comments about the project while revisiting the site twenty years after the event â€Å"it was certainly one of the most successful. It is amazing to hear many people say viewing Running Fence changed the way they looked at the landscape and art forever.† Christo’s and Jeanne-Claude’s, art, their creation, was able to affect them in a way the traditional artists could not. (2010). At the removal of the installation, the materials were donated to the local and the authorities. Nearly half people present at the event seemed to have found a way to reuse the materials from the project. Being farmers, they used them in their ranging operations. Some made windbreaks with the fabric and the project ended officially in September 1976, exactly a fortnight after its installation. While this brought physical end to the piece of art, the Running Fence has remained alive. The actual Running Fence is gone, the materials have been converted for other uses, but the memories live on to date. For instance, at American Art Museum, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence has been devoted to one of the couples most ambitious and evocative works of art. Whether Running Fence would be impossible to accomplish in todays America is hard to gauge. The nearly bare contours of beautiful hills were made more sensual by the project. The visual variation of the piece as it responds to sun, wind, fog, and ocean are attractive. The determination of the couple of artists and their resolute faith and love for the works of and their unusual ideas seem to have earned confidence, respect, trust, and affection from people who had never heard of site-specific art. Christo involved the community in his works. While persuading over 57 farmers to allow the fencing cross their lands Christo told them: The art project is right now here with us. We are partners in this work of art.† (Donovan 2002: 97, 115) â€Å"Were surrounded with repetitious things. Worlds Fair, Olympic Games, each four years happen, Walt Disney all that is all the routine we live. In addition, this project happened once†¦ There was once the Running Fence or Wrapped Coast.† Christo in an Australian TV interview once said in 2004. To date, the lasting impact of Running Fence on the new ‘art society’ born after the project has continued to ignite serious conversations about what is art among citizens who had never thought it was relevant a question. It is commendable that the Smithsonian American Art Museum bought the project archive for Running Fence in 2008. It will available for generations and Christo and Jeanne-Claude will continue to communicate to all of them. References Kristine, Stiles Peter, Howard Selz. Theories and documents of contemporary art: a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sourcebook of artists writings. 1996. USA: University of California Press. Viklund, Andreas. â€Å"The Third Culture: Neuroscience And Humanities† June 25, 2007Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   on 26th November, 2010 from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O5-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conceptualart.html Honour, Hugh and John Fleming. A world history of art. 2005. London, UK: Laurence King   Ã‚   Publishing, 7th Edition. Woodward, Richard B. â€Å"A California dream come true† The Wall Street (Online) Journal:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington, April 2010. Accessed on 24th November 2010:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://online.wsj.com/article/ Koddenberg, Matthias. Christo and Jeanne-Claude Early Works 1958-64. 2010. Cologne,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Germany: DruckVerlag Kettler GmbH. Fineberg, Jonathan David, Wolfgang Volz. Christo and Jeanne-Claude: on the way to The  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gates, Central Park, New York City. 2004. Yale University press Donovan, Molly. Christo and Jeanne-Claude in the Vogel Collection. 2002. New York: Harry N.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abrams, Incorporated. Pagliasotti J M.. Interview with Christo and Jeanne-Claude.   2002. Eye-Level Quarterly Journal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Contemporary Visual Culture